This cushion is the intervertebral disc.

这个垫层就是椎盘。

The most common one is intervertebral disc herniation.

其中最常见是椎盘突出症。

The intervertebral discs lie between vertebrae, and act as shock absorbers.

椎盘位于两椎，起到减震作用。

In addition to the intervertebral discs, each vertebra has joints called facet joints with the vertebra above and the vertebra below, one on each side.

除了椎盘，椎还有一种称为关节突关节连结，在椎前后侧各有一个。

And poor posture, traumas, physical activity, and strong rotational movement can cause herniations where the intervertebral disc bulges out and compress the nerves or spinal cord.

不良姿势、创伤、力活动和强烈运动，可引起椎盘突出，即椎盘膨大突出于脊椎外，压迫神经或脊髓。

For example, c-Jun is required for joint cell specification and intervertebral disc formation, while Fra2 regulates cartilage development and chondrocyte differentiation.

例如，c-Jun 对关节细胞特化和椎盘形成是必需，而 Fra2 调节软发育和软细胞分化。

Each cervical, thoracic, and lumbar vertebra is separated by an intervertebral disc, which allows for a slight movement of the vertebrae, and act as a shock absorber.

每块颈、胸、腰椎都有一个椎盘，它能使椎轻微移动，并起到减震作用。

It's formed by the spinal nerves L4, L5 and S1, 2 and 3, which leave the spinal canal through the intervertebral foramen, an opening located between the vertebrae and behind intervertebral discs.

它是由脊神经腰4（L4）、腰5（L5）、骶1（S1）、骶2（S2）和骶3（S3）组成；这些神经通过椎孔离开椎管；椎孔为椎、椎盘后椎管开口。

Between each of the vertebral bodies is an intervertebral disc which is made of type I and type II collagen and has two parts, the annulus fibrosis, an outer fibrous ring, and the nucleus pulposus, an inner jelly-like substance.

在椎是由Ⅰ型和Ⅱ型胶原构成椎盘，它由两部分组成：外层环形纤维结构称为纤维环，而内层胶状物质称为髓核。

It can be congenital, meaning that the person is born with it, or acquired, usually due to degenerative disorders like ankylosing spondylitis, where the bones remodel causing intervertebral discs ossification, and the narrowing of the spinal canal.

它可能是先天性，也就是说患者出生便有这种情况；或是获得性，通常原因是退行性疾病，如强直性脊柱炎，导致重塑，引起椎盘化，进而造成椎管狭窄。